Human Nature vs Personal Gain Essay

Growing, learning and becoming the best we can be are all positive steps that evolve from life experience. It is human nature that wants to succeed and contribute to society in productive ways. In the play The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, individuals display an ugly side of human nature and are motivated by less than noble goals. Throughout the story, justice is often replaced by the desire for personal gain. Perhaps the three best reasons are greed, selfishness and betrayal. Greed is a motivating factor among many individuals in the play. At many times, John Proctor talks with Hale about Parris’s need to become rich, by gathering valuable golden candlesticks. He says, â€Å"He preach nothin’ but golden candlesticks, until he had them†¦ I think, sometimes, the man dreams cathedrals, not clapboard meetin’ houses† (Miller 65). Proctor says this to Parries to illustrate Parris’s materialistic nature and thirst for power, land and material p ossessions. Like Reverend Parris, Thomas Putnam is also greedy. Thomas uses his daughter to falsely accuse George Jacob of witchcraft. The accusation leads to the arrest and conviction of George Jacob by Judge Danforth. Giles Corey’s explains to Danforth that Mr. Putnam is dishonest and says â€Å"If Jacobs hangs for a witch he forfeit up his property- that’s law! †¦ This man is killing his neighbors for their land† (Miller 96). Thomas Putnam uses these falsifying witchcraft trails to increase his own wealth by accusing people of dealing in witchcraft, getting them convicted and then taking advantage of the situation by buying up their property. Characters like Parris and Putnam are so obsessed with greed that they do not have a conscience. Just as the evils of greed occupy Parris and Putnam, Abigail Williams is motivated by selfishness. She is vengeful, manipulative and a magnificent liar; for example, she goes into the forest at night and practises witchcraft with the other girls form the village. However, when Abigail is confronted about her disgusting behaviour, she chooses to keep  h er well respected reputation intact. Abigail denies that she was in the forest dancing that night, threatens the girls and says, â€Å"Now look you. All of you. We danced†¦ Let either of you breathe a word†¦ I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you† (Miller 20). She does this to also avoid being arrested. Not only does Abigail lie about witchcraft, she also stuffs the needle in the doll that Mary Warren made for Elizabeth. Cheever explains, â€Å"The girl, the Williams girl, Abigail Williams, sir. She sat to dinner in Reverend Parris’s house tonight†¦ she falls to the floor†¦ he goes to save her, and, stuck two inches in the flesh of her belly, he draw a needle out. And demandin’ of her how she come to be stabbed† (Miller 74). Abigail uses this situation to accuse Elizabeth of practising witchcraft to harm her Abigail. She does this to sabotage Elizabeth and, eventually, take her place as John Proctor’s wife. Abigail’s callousness with Elizabeth shows that her selfishness has no bounds or morals. If greed and selfish are not bad enough human characteristics, betrayal is perhaps the most cunning and provides the most false sense of security. Mary Warren accuses John Proctor of consorting with the devil and pressuring her to join him in his evil ways, which is not true. As Mary yells in anger, she says pointing at Proctor, â€Å"You’re the Devil’s man!† (Miller 118). She continues on to say â€Å"I’ll not hang with you! I love God, I love God† (118). Mary Warren’s loyalty to John Proctor is betrayed under pressure to save her own life rather than be hanged. Abigail betrays Tituba so that she does not get question by Reverend Hale. What Abigail says to Hale and Parris when she falsely accuses Tituba is â€Å"She sends her spirit on me in church; she makes me laugh at prayer!† (Miller 44). Abigail does not want to confess her practise of witchcraft in the forest with her girls at night. While in the play there is no shortage of characters willing to do the wrong thing in life, choosing to do the right thing is always the preferred path in life. Having to replace any form of righteousness (justice) with greed, selfishness or betrayal does not justify our actions or means for the end result. Each one of the characters in the crucible mention in the above paragraph have all demonstrated that some form of human nature for self rewardance was place before justice/righteousness. There are always consequences when the truth is not told. Whenever we use these actions in our character they always lead us away in the opposite  direction from our true and honest goals. Righteousness in the heart produces beauty in the character. Works Cited Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. New York: Penguin Books, 1976. Print

Assignment SWOT Analysis due Sun

I selected PC Repair   sample business plan. PC Repair is a S Corporation type of business that will be available to local small businesses and home computer users with computer related issues. PC Repairs offers computer and technical consulting such as repairs, training, networking, and upgrades. PC Repair’s has many strengths that will benefit local businesses and home pc users with all the computer consulting and services it offers. This computer consulting business offers excellent quality services to their clients. They have on-site repair, which is better for the client to eliminate transport of the computer to PC Repair’s office. They offer extended maintenance contracts for clients to work with a single item expense. Their main focus in on small businesses, who don’t have a full-time IT person, but have full-time IT needs. They offer affordable on-demand services to these businesses. They can offer maintenance agreements for small businesses for additional monthly income. They offer flexible, affordable, helpful services for the residential clients. The computing industry is expected to grow at a rate of 12% (Business Week). The expansion of processor speeds through the years will provide a rich resource for sales. PC Repair will use an aggressive advertising plan to exploit its competitor’s weaknesses and to make the name common to the community. They have established relationships with local distributors that will provide them with rapid services, but will be more expensive. They have reasonable prices for the high quality service they offer. They offer pick-up and drop-off service. PC Repair is not only interested in selling new components, but maintaining existing computers and finding client solutions. I can name a few weaknesses I came across first, PC Repair is a new player to the computer consulting business, which may affect initial sales. PC Repair lacks credibility it needs to be more involved in the industry to enhance it. The owner of PC Repair’s home equity is collateral for its short-term loan is a threat if it has no steady monthly income. Offering limited software support is weakness, which I think unlimited would be best. Another weakness is that PC Repair doesn’t have enough computer technicians because if computer services/troubleshooting are in demand and if there are not enough employees, then there might be a overload of clients you need assistant immediately. First year, a one-man home-office to possibly a 3-person business at a leased location I believe is a major weakness because a 1-3 person computer consulting business needs maybe at least 5-8 persons to operate. I also find that PC Repair’s start-up funding requirements to be too high for one-man operation. Their business only works in a 15 mile radius/local area for both business and residential clients. PC Repair’s market segmentation states client’s age range who they will provide services. They only provide services to small businesses or home users. This business plan has determined that small business’ pc needs are more urgent than residential users. The opportunities of PC Repair are that there are potentially huge markets to begin. With the consideration of the many marketing options it will help with the growth of PC Repair. An important characteristic for PC Repair in its marketing plan is the diversity. PC Repair each quarter needs to evaluate their results. Implementing frugal operating procedures and practices will help outgrow their competition and be in a better position in the market. The ability to understand the expectations of clients, having clearly definite responsibilities for their clients, knowing the best person to decide is the client and to know that PC Repair’s solutions address their client’s needs. The rapid rate of technological development creates constant need for PC Repair’s services. Clients tend to be loyal if they provide excellent services and satisfy client’s needs. In the Service Business Analysis it explains how their local competitors have serious weaknesses so there will be no significant barriers entering the market. There are many threats for any type of business, especially computer consulting services like PC Repair. The lack of new computer information may hurt PC Repair. Increasing prices may result in reduced profitability. Downsizing and poor client spending in all markets are results of economic recessions. They have only two main competitors for this type of business in the local area. Competitor A is well known and is efficient.

Itgs Exam Questions and Full Mark Answers

ITGS Homework Area of impact- Science and the environment A) Identify two input devices that are required in order for Jules to interact with a real person. There is several input devices required in order for Jules to interact with a real person, these include a microphone, a web cam or digital camera, normal camera and speakers so the person can hear Jules. B) Describe the steps that Jules would take in order to follow the movement of the person talking to him. There are several steps that Joules would take to interact with a real person. . Jules could capture the initial image of any human being using its camera or webcam sensors to capture an image. 2. Jules would have to use facial recognitions software to determine the parts of the face to face tracked (reference points) or identify different parts of the face such as skin colour or your eyes. Laptops these days also have sensors built into them. 3. Record an initial position; of the face which is to be tracked/ set the positio n of the human in relation to the robots own position. 4. Recording of time lapse intervals 5.Capture images at new positions 6. Determine the location of the new position 7. If there is no movement, then no movement is detected and there is no adjustment. 8. Jules can adjust to the movement if there is one 9. Jules can now communicate with the human being 10. So this process can be repeated. C) Jules may have difficulty understanding a sentence in a conversation with a human, explain why this could happen. If a word that is said that is not in the language database of the robot the sentence that is said by the human will not be comprehended by the robot.Unusual grammar and sentence structure that is not programmed in Jules language database will cause difficulties. Jules may understand only one type of accent and may struggle to communicate if Jules communicates with someone with a different accent. Colloquial expression was used. Unclear speech due to unclear conversion of human s ound converted to digital sound files which cannot be matched will cause Jules to not understand the human being. Background noises can cause Jules to misinterpret human voices. Linguistic differences- Words may have different meanings depending on the context.D) Evaluate whether the organizers should go ahead with this decision to replace human umpires with robotic umpires such as tennis-umpire There are several positives and negatives of this. Positives include 1. The robot would consistently determine the outcome of each play, so human reaction is not present. So reviews won’t be needed. 2. Any robot will not ever get tires or struggle due to physical conditions. (Reactions of crowd, weather). 3. There is no chance that a robot will be biased towards another player, something that can be present when a human referee is officiating.So they don’t care who win. Robots are more likely to make the right calls first time so this will save time from reviews. 4. Another pos itive is that robots will not face pressures of the crowd when making a decision because they feel no pressure due to their lack of emotions. Negatives include. 1. Even though robots may be accurate, because of the quick movement of the ball, it may take time for the robot to make the decision; this will make games go a lot slower. 2. Players may block the view of the ball or other obstacles which the robot will find impossible to avoid. . There are ethical issues present as well because the robots can actually replace human umpires if several of them are present within a game. 4. Cost maintenance of robots are very high, example are a lot harder/ more expensive to maintain than human umpires. 5. Players and the crowed might react negatively to robot umpires as they have never been used before. 6. Robot umpires are not designed to argue with players so if any supporter or player disagrees with the ref even with their accuracy what happens then? 7.Robots will not be able to detect an y misconduct any player does during the match, something that humans are capable to do because robots do not understand human emotions. 8. Robots aren’t programmed to do the unexpected so anything that happens not regarding to tennis for example a fan interrupting the game by running onto the court, robots will not be able to do anything about or they might hurt the fan that runs onto the court. 9. If let’s say a player wasn’t ready for the ball, a human umpire could call a replay. This is something a Robot cannot interpret.

SCHOOL FINANCE BUDGET REDUCTION PLAN AND JUSTIFICATION Essay

SCHOOL FINANCE BUDGET REDUCTION PLAN AND JUSTIFICATION - Essay Example It is the duty of the principal to go back to their respective campuses and then collaborate with their school leadership teams in order to develop a comprehensive plan regarding how to accomplish such budgetary reductions from their existing operating budget. The objective of the study is to plan the budget cut from given information and justify the items chosen to remove or reduce from the school budget in order to meet the district requirements. Budget Reduction Plan The most challenging task of budget cut is to determine the primary sources of revenues and expenditure and then to allocate scarce resources according to requirements. It is general that in a high school, the majority of school budget is allocated towards the benefits and compensations of their staff. In such a scenario it is very important to keep in mind that any significant reduction in the compensation of core teachers and most important staff might lead to de-motivation of staffs and unrest in the campuses. In order to avoid such disputes, the rest of the budget allocations have to be re-planned and prioritized in such a manner so as to help the districts meet goals and standards of the students’ academic performance (Williamson, 2011, pp.1-5). The annual budget is a statement of expenditures and revenues that are likely in a high school during the fiscal. It has to be determined at a prior stage whether the school would have enough funds to pay for the necessary activities by ensuring optimum resource allocation matching school priorities. The budget has to be realistic in the sense that all items of reduction have to be justified to respective departments when cuts will be introduced. All minute details must be highlighted such as any probable error in estimating teaching staff requirements in case any staff leaves the school. Also, it must be ensured that all regulatory and statutory requirements have been complied with. A realistic school budget will ensure financial stability by lowering financial crisis risk during the year; educational excellence by hiring the best teachers available at attractive packages; and reputation and image of school reflected from the relationship between the authority, pupils, and staffs. T he first stage of budget reduction plan is to identify the primary sources of revenues and expenditures (Hechinger Institute, 2011, pp.1-9). Identification of Primary Sources of Revenues The expenditures of a high school are generally divided into three categories namely, salaries and employee benefits, materials and supplies and capital expenditures. In addition, the states also collect expenditure data of school by transportation, operations, debt service and maintenance. It is important to note that the schools hire instructional staffs, custodians, and cafeteria workers in addition to licensed staff members such as administration and teaching staffs, librarian, counselors, etc. Thus, the biggest expenditures in a school are consumed by the personnel. During the 1950s, the teachers’ constituted almost 74% of total school staff and the numbers have been reducing since then as the percentage of instructional staff has been increasing. In the 20th century the percentage of te achers dropped by almost 33% and they have been replaced by instructional aides. The teachers’ salaries are compensated by most districts under single salary schedule where teachers are compensated on the basis of their educational level and total years of experience in teaching profession (Serwach

WRITE A LETTER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WRITE A LETTER - Essay Example Firstly, there is the issue of equality in employment. In this case, there is the general feeling among the black that the concept of equality has been disregarded as far as job opportunities are concerned. In this case, the black are being given a lower deal in the allocation of public and private jobs. In the public sector, the percentage of portfolios held by the black is negligible. In this case, we feel that more needs to be done so as job opportunities can be shared equally among all Americans regardless of their race description. Nevertheless, our activists are organizing tactics of legal challenges, civil protests and other initiatives in their capacity to see to it that African-Americans received equal opportunity and protection in America. Secondly, we would like the government to address the issue of racial prejudice. We are witnessing cases where African-Americans are being treated like lesser persons by other Americans. In this case, we have witnessed cases where we are treated with bad attitude that has put some of us in legal jeopardy. In some case, the black have been mistreated after being suspected of committing various crimes. This has been perpetrated by the police and assisted by the natives. The incident has landed African-Americans in jails where others have paid hefty fines to secure their freedom. We urge the government to enact legislations that discourage mistreatment on the grounds of racial and ethnicity. However, we are also planning to stage a protest on the streets if that is the way the government will heed to our plea. We shall use demonstrations to express our dissatisfaction with the current laws that allow treatment of the black with contempt. Thirdly, we are not comfortable with various mistreatments that we have encountered when seeking government services in public places. In this case, our people have been kept waiting for long as the white are prioritized in

Economics and Business of the Asia-Pacific Region and Emerging Markets Essay

Economics and Business of the Asia-Pacific Region and Emerging Markets - Essay Example As the paper highlights the measurement of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is principally viewed to be one of the decisive parameters in determining the economy of a nation. In this regard, it is observed that the economy of China has developed significantly during the post Mao period in terms of GDP. This has been more prominent after the economic liberation witnessed by the nation in the 1990s. Further development in the economy of the nation occurred during 21st century, wherein the rate of GDP is mostly found to be in double-digits. The GDP rate of China in post Mao period can be better understood from the below depicted graphical representation.This discussion stresses that  there are certain nations in Asia that have grown extensively during the same period. These nations include Japan, South Korea and India among others. It is important to note that Japan and South Korea are the nations that have shown constant growth in GDP rates during the post Mao period. Moreover, it is wor th mentioning that China has also grown extensively after liberation and more prominently in the 21st century. However, these countries i.e. South Korea and Japan could not grow in higher rates as compared to China. One of the prime reasons for China to experience higher GDP is the liberation in the economy. The open economy in the region has led to the creation of equal and fair opportunities to the traders.

Conversation with globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conversation with globalization - Essay Example At first glance, it actually seems that globalization can become one powerful tool to gain better understanding and appreciation of different cultures, and break historically-rooted cultural stereotypes, given that globalization has enabled different peoples around the world to know more about the culture and way of life that other people from other corners of the globe possess. The sad thing is, despite the opportunities that globalization has offered for people to understand and appreciate more other cultures and other ways of life, it has even fostered adverse reactions among other people, wherein certain cultural groups now even identify themselves in a way that they are able to perceive themselves as opposed to others; in other words, despite globalization, other cultural groups reacted in a way that they would like to differentiate themselves from other cultures (in a negative way), and make this differentiation the defining aspect of their own culture. This attitude only breed s suspicion and misunderstanding between different cultures. Take for instance the division between â€Å"pro-soccer† and â€Å"anti-soccer† Americans as described in the work of Franklin Foer (Foer 235-248). According to Foer, globalization has actually failed some of its expectations, both economically and culturally, given that majority of the world’s nations remain poor, and that some cultures actually fear that â€Å"globalized culture† will eventually erode their own unique cultural identities (Foer 4). In order to illustrate the failures of globalization, particularly in its failure to promote the homogenization of culture (and even attracted the reversion to old cultural identities and hostility to other cultures), Foer actually used the ever famous worldwide sport of soccer (Foer 235). Looking at the feud between pro-soccer and anti-soccer Americans, Foer actually found out that Americans who hate soccer even stated that â€Å"that hating soccer is more American than apple pie, driving a pickup, or spending Saturday afternoons channel surfing with the remote control†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Foer 240), and that â€Å"people with actual power believe that soccer represents a genuine threat to the American way of life† (Foer 240-241). In fact, as Foer wrote, â€Å"The former Buffalo Bills quarterback Jack Kemp, one of the most influential conservatives of the 1980s, a man once mentioned in the same breath as the presidency holds this view. In 1986, he took to the floor of the United States Congress to orate against a resolution in support of an American bid to host the World Cup. Kemp intoned, â€Å"I think it is important for all those young out there, who someday hope to play real football, where you throw it and kick it and run with it and put it in your hands, a distinction should be made that football is democratic, capitalism, whereas soccer is a European socialist [sport].’’ (Foer 241) In this case, it can be seen that despite the windows that globalization has opened, particularly in letting other people see the dynamics of other cultures, or even other pastimes for this matter, some cultural groups actually resist

Santeria - African Spirits in America Research Paper - 1

Santeria - African Spirits in America - Research Paper Example When African slaves escaped their bondage from Brazil and reached Cuba, they were given the ability to marry, have property and to live in such a way to be trained and conduct free, contributing lives to society. The only stipulation was that they become baptized into the Roman Catholic religion (Murphy 28). The relationship that was formed between the religious beliefs of the West African form of spiritual life and the tenets of Catholicism formed the beginnings of the way in which it the beliefs are currently practiced, similar reformations creating the many influences that have combined to form the current forms of Santeria practice. Because of this mixture of religions from which the practices in the Americas were created, there is no individual who can be named for being the founder of the religion. The beliefs of Americanized Santeria still hold the worship of the orisha. The orisha is associated with the saints of the Catholic religion. Each of the saints is represented as an orisha with a principle, a color, a number, a food, a dance posture, and an emblem. The orisha is honored through sacrifice, often a ritualized taking of the life of an animal. The blood is used as an offering to the orisha to please the saints in order to bring good luck, purification and the forgiveness of sins. Other aspects of evoking spirits and creating possession by ancestors are accomplished through rhythmic dances that are freely expressed through fervent dances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Santeria is a cultural religion that began in Africa among the Yoruba people who lived in the region now considered Nigeria. Among the many developments of the Yoruba people was the development of a complex understanding of their spiritual life that reached into a subtle envelopment of their way of life. God was called ‘Olodumare’ and was considered the â€Å"owner of all destinies†. He was also considered the ‘almighty’ and ‘the ground of life’ (7). The power that is the force of Olodumare has a name that identifies its association within the culture. Ashe is an incarnate life force that is the ‘blood of cosmic life’ which is the power through which Olodumare imbues life, strength, and righteousness.

Module 10 World Alliance vs. World ChaosAmerican Foreign Policy in the Essay

Module 10 World Alliance vs. World ChaosAmerican Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century - Essay Example The Vietnam War was never, at any stage of the conflict, popular with the American public and, indeed, the strikes and protests against this war are as much a part of US history as is the war itself. Given the undeniable unpopularity of the war, one can only assume that the United States' leadership had a rationale for involvement in this conflict. Accordingly, in order to arrive at an objective conclusion regarding the United States' involvement in this war, the political and historical context of the conflict shall be considered, following which the two alternate points of view shall be presented for determination of their respective strengths and weakness. The Vietnam War has its roots in the Viet Minh's struggle for the independence of Vietnam from Japanese control during the Second World War. The leader of this struggle, Ho Chi Minh, was a communist national who, although independent of USSR control, maintained friendly and cooperative relations with Moscow. Despite alliance with the Soviet Union, however, the United States actively supported Ho Chi Minh's bid for independence and, in assertion and affirmation of its support, the United States even trained Ho Chi Minh's guerilla fighters, preparing them for the seizure of their country and the declaration of Vietnam independence following World War II. Following Following the surrender of the Japanese Imperial Army in World War II, several factions emerged, demanding control over an independent Vietnam. The Japanese, however, awarded the Viet Minh control over the country and, on 2 September 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared his country's independence from French colonialism, expressing his confidence and hope in US support. There were several reasons for Ho Chi Minh's confidence. The first was the support which the United States had extended him in the training of Viet Minh guerillas. The second was the United States' opposition to European colonialism and support for independence. In other words, there was a string foundation for Ho Chi Minh's belief that the United States would support his government. The United States' international relations' priorities and agenda, however, underwent a significant shift following World War II and it did not support the Viet Minh. The Cold War had begun and the United States, who perceived of the world as being divided into two camps, the communist and the capitalist camps, was determined to curb the power of the Soviet Union. It saw the Soviet Union as a real threat to the West, to the United States and was utterly convinced that should it allow Vietnam to fall to communism, it would be directly contributing to the growth of Soviet Union and would be facilitating the domino effect, wherein one country after the other would fall to communism. The United States did not simply change its strategy vis--vis Vietnam and its earlier support of Ho Chi Minh, but went to war in order to ensure that Vietnam did not fall to communism, hence Soviet influence. Leadership of Vietnam became indeterminate. The United States was opposed to ho Chi Minh and Moscow supported him. Eventually, in the Geneva Conference of 1954, the country was partitioned until such a time hen national elections could be held and decides upon leadership. The United States chose Ngo Dinh Diem, an avowed anti-communist as the leader of

Life History as a method os Social Research Essay

Life History as a method os Social Research - Essay Example Choosing a candidate for my life history interview was one of the toughest decisions. As I sat on my study desk wondering who could give me a valuable insight on a society that existed more than half a century ago, I was startled by the shrill ring of the phone. It was my childhood friend who was of Indian origin .he had called to invite me over to his house as it happened to be an Indian festival and his grandma had dished out a myriad of delicacies which he wanted me to try out. And that was the moment a brilliant idea crossed my head. His grandma! Nobody could be a better subject for my interview- a different country altogether with a plethora of varied cultures and all of them in stark contrast with our own! Before I knew I was at his doorstep with my stationary, Dictaphone and artillery of questions I had framed on my way. To my disappointment, the going was not destined to be smooth. My friend's grandma is a very shy and reserved lady and she felt a bit awkward and uncomfortabl e when I approached her with my request. To start with, she just couldn't comprehend as to why someone would want to interview her and believed that she had nothing worthy enough to talk about. She also looked quite intimidated by my Dictaphone and elaborate stationary. After an hour of persuasion, pleading and begging she consented but only if I promised to safeguard her anonymity. Therefore, hereon I am going to call her "Gran". After a "warm up" session of friendly chit- chat; she gradually opened up and let me into her life story. Today, for me she was not a friend's grandmother but a woman who represented her entire community and whose words and opinions I was probably going to generalize to a whole population. I read quite bit about the plight of woman in India during yesteryears and the oppression the faced, so I decided to probe her on the issue. Gran turned 70 this summer. She was born to an average marwadi Indian family in early 1940's and raised among two younger brothers. Her childhood saw the period when India and Pakistan were undergoing a partition. She did school till about fifth grade and then was forced to drop out because her parents could not afford to send three children to school and since they felt it was more important to educate a male child , she was the obvious choice for sacrifice. Girls were at that time never really considered a permanent member of the family since they married and moved out to their husbands house, thus investing on them in any way seemed to make no sense to parents. She however is self-educating herself out of her brother's textbooks whenever she could. "I simply loved math's, I think I would have made a good teacher!" she says with a glint in her eyes. She was barely into her teenage ( which was common in 1950's) when she was married to a guy she had never seen or known and within a day her life took drastic turn - a whole new family, an unfamiliar city, a stranger she was supposed to call "husband" and spend the rest of her life with! . It was not long before it dawned upon her that her in-laws had demanded a huge amount in cash and kind to accept her as their daughter -in -law. These demands kept increasing in frequency and outrageousness and her family had no choice but to oblige because a woman abandoned by her husband and her family ha

Using Cohens Book Compare Churchill and Linclon Essay

Using Cohens Book Compare Churchill and Linclon - Essay Example Abraham Lincoln in his Gettysburg address was able to clearly enunciate his vision for the future as he pleaded that soldiers should not have died in vain so that â€Å"that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom.†2 His goal of democracy for the people through equality thus became the goal of the Civil War – the achievement of freedom for everyone including the slaves, which became the goal that was to be fought for. The abolishing of slavery was the ultimate goal of Abraham Lincoln and this formed the framework of his persistent focus upon the defeat of the South in order to establish a new dawn of freedom within the United States. In a similar manner, Winston Churchill set out the goals of the IInd world war when he stated that the mission was to â€Å"wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ with the aim being â€Å"victory at all costs.†3 He clearly spelt out the ultimate goal, which was to defeat Germany at any costs, visualizing a future where the evil perpetrated by Adolf Hitler would cease to exist. England was hard pressed for resources, yet Churchill sought to protect his country from the rule of the German dictator by going on the offensive. In this battle, defeat was untenable because it would have meant the suppression of freedom and the imposition of German rule. He clearly conveyed to his countrymen the dangers inherent in the cause, the loss of life that would result, but also spelt the goal – which was the fight against evil and by envisaging German defeat in this manner, it was able to be brought about. In achieving their respective visions, both of these leaders were able to exercise transformational modes of leadership and inspire their countrymen. In transforming his vision of freedom from slavery into concrete action, Lincoln executed this as a strategic war offensive against the generals of the Confederate Army to move swiftly and decisively and crush

Biodiversity and Forests Essay Example for Free

Biodiversity and Forests Essay Protection and conservation of forests and wildlife are essential to maintain the earth’s health and environment. The earth is the only known living planet and it is because of its special environment and ecology which are life-supporting. Forests are part and parcel of our environment. They are one of the most valuable resources and gifts of nature. They play a key role in the maintenance climate, rain-patterns, water and soil conservation. They are the natural home of much type- of animals, birds, reptiles, insects etc. They supply timber, fuel, medicines, and wood for peeper-pulp and raw materials for many industries. The increasing depletion and destruction of wildlife is a source of great concern. One out of every seven persons of the world live in India. India has 16 per cent of the world’s population with only 2. 4 percent of its land area. There is much pressure on our natural resources including forests. In these times of increasing consumerism and nature- hostile activities, the forest-cover is depleting and deteriorating very fast. The conservation of wildlife which includes native plants and animals, depends on protection of forests. Wildlife is the direct product of the land resources and habitat conditions. The neglect of forests moans the destruction of the wild animals. Wildlife, like we human beings, need food, water, and shelter. Destruction of forests, wetlands, marshes, points, grasslands etc. eliminates their sources of food, water and habitat. The National wildlife action Plan launched in 1983 provides the framework of strategy as well as programme for conservation of wildlife. The protected area network till 1 993 consisted of 75 national parks and 421 sanctuaries covering 4. 5 per cent of the total geographical area, which was proposed to be increased to 5. 1 per cent. The wildlife protection Act, 1972 governs wildlife conservation and protection of endangered species. The Act prohibits trade in rare and endangered species. India is a signatory to the Convention on International Trade of Endangered species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Under this export or import of these endangered species is subject to strict control. Commercial exploitation such species is prohibited. The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 has been suitably amended to make the provisions more effective. Endangered species of plants and animals have been brought under the purview of ten acts. India is very rich both in flora and fauna but many plant and animal species are already extinct and many other are on the road to extinction. In spite of various acts and rules- regulations against exploitation of wildlife, the real conservation has one of the major wildlife producer counties of the world and yet there is a skeleton staff to safeguard the interests of wildlife. Poachers are on the prowl even in sanctuaries and protected forest areas. They have become fertile hunting grounds for illegal hunting and killing of animals. The rich and influential people and traders in, animal-skins, horns, etc. have been indulging in hunting, killing and trading of wildlife with impunity. They carry telescopic rifles and other weapons, use traps and poison food and kill the animals. As a result of ecological imbalances and depleting forest-cover, the wild animals come out at night in search of food in the villages and attack human beings and domestic animals and fowls. In some parts of Uttar Pradesh the hyena and wolf-menace was very much in the news. Many children were killed by the wolves and hyenas. Similarly, in Pauri Garwal district of UP some leopards turned into man-eaters. Faced with the scarcity of animals for prey in the forest and continuing attacks from poachers, they become man- eaters. And once a man-eater is always a man- eater because man is the softest target. On many an occasion, the villagers injure more animals then they kill and so the injured animals turn into man-eaters and attack villages at night for food. When a human kill takes place, every leopard or tiger is regarded as man-eater and there is indiscriminate killing consequently, the number of these felines is decreasing fast. Thousands of snails, frog, rats, earthworms, cockroaches and other animals are killed for dissection in schools, colleges and laboratories for experiments. Snakes are also killed indiscriminately out of ignorance as greed. This destroys and disturbs the fragile ecological balance. Tigers are subjected to utmost brutality by man, the most intelligent and evolved animal on the earth. There is mindless destruction of forests for timber, firewood and fuel. Every year there is a loss of about 1. 3 hectares of forest area in India because of large and indiscriminate clearing of forests for cultivation, quarrying and large dams and irrigation projects. Then there is intensive and indiscriminate logging for commercial purposes by contractors and timber-merchants. Over-grazing has also taken its toll. The result is serious ecological imbalance and environment degradation. There is much pressure on forests and the relation between men and forests has reached the lowest depth. Conservation of forests and wildlife is also important from aesthete point of view. They make life beautiful and colourful. Without them human life will lose much of its beauty, charm and meaning. Their proper protection and conservation also means a continuous and adequate supply of food, fodder, medicines, timber etc. Forests and wildlife and renewable resources which need to be diligently protected, preserved and increased in a planned way. There is a need to spread the awareness about forest and wildlife conservation. Social forestry can be taught in schools as a subject. More and more trees should be planted, protected and seen growing and maturing. There should be a ban on mobile zoos and animal rights activists should come forward to wage a war on behalf of the mute and innocent animals. The destruction and degradation of forests in upper reigns like Himalayas causes such other ruins as erosion of top soil erratic rainfall, and recurring floods. Deforestation is a great social and national evil and should be checked on priority basis. It results in loss of productivity and environment degradation among much other harm. Encroachment on forests should also be checked and, if possible, banned, Non government agencies, village communities; trial’s etc. hould be involved in social forestry and regeneration of degraded forest lands. They should be allowed to share the benefits of these schemes in a judicious manner. The forest and wildlife conservation laws should be made more stringent and practiced scrupulously. Veerappan’s continued bloody trade in ivory and sandalwood trade upsets all concerned. Throughout the Nilgiris, it is now almost impossible to spot a large tusker. The full blown assault on forest and wildlife saddens all the Indians and wildlife lovers in foreign countries.

An Analysis Of Liszt Sonata

An Analysis Of Liszt Sonata This essay starts from the background of Piano Sonata in B minor. It then focuses on the importance of this work in romantic period. I will analyze the structure of this sonata, compare few scholars analysis and discuss how the technique of thematic use in the piece. Liszt appreciated Beethovens music. He looked upon Beethovens piano sonatas as models. He was influenced by Beethoven a lot. The sonatas development from baroque, classical to romantic period, approached the peak in the beginning of nineteenth century. Liszts Sonata in B minor leads a really important role. There are lots of arguments for this piece in the sonata literatures. The content and musical structure both are the topics of which are considered to continue the heritage of music in the past and usher in the future. Liszt had composed three solo piano sonata in 1825, however these pieces were unpublished and now are lost. The only piano sonata now exist is Sonata in B minor. Liszt had the conception of this piece from 1851, until 1853 he completed this sonata. The sonata first publicly performed by Liszts pupil, Hans von Bà ¼low on January 27, 1857 in Berlin. It has been first published in the spring of 1854 with a dedication to Schumann. Liszt said in a letter that this was his meaning of expressing appreciation for Schumann s having dedicated to him the Fantasy op.17 in C (1838). As a musician anxious to avoid formulaic composition, Liszt surely would have been delighted at the amount of scholarly bickering engendered by the Sonata in B minor. We discover from Winklhofer, for instance, that for more than a century after its composition, the formal architecture of Liszts sonata has eluded convincing explanation- until her own, of course m and so much for Newman, Longyear and the rest. Presumably until then all convincing performances of the Sonata, and the copies by Reubke and Liapunov, were achieved by serendipity. Hamilton, K. (1996) Liszt Sonata in B Minor P.28 Some of the analytical arguments over the form of the Sonata are largely discussed. The analysis of W. S. Newman has been most influential, He proposed a new idea double-function form, which means a structure that can be considered both as one continuous movement and simultaneously as a composite of the movements of a multi-movement work. In other words, the Sonata, though in one movement, presents elements of a first movement- slow movement- scherzo- finale structure. Newman was the first to illustrate this double-function view. Since in both views a multi movement structural mold predominated over that of a sonata form in one movement, the problem of large scale structure became a clouded issue. Whatever their differences, Newman, Longyear and Winklhofer are at least agreed with one point: that the sonata is not a programmatic work, and that as a result analysis of it can only proceed on purely musical terms. Liszt himself never dropped the slightest hint that the Sonata had a prog ramme, but this is no problem, as several writers have been kind enough to supply one for him. The Structure of the Sonata in B minor According to William Newman: Double-function analysis (Four movements in one) First movement of a sonata exposition bar 1-330 development bar 331-525 recapitulation bar 525-681 coda bar 682-760 Four movements sonata First movement bar 1-330 slow movement bar 331-459 scherzo bar 460-524 finale bar 525-681 coda bar 682-760 Allegro Andante Fugato Allegro Coda Incomplete Sonatina ABA Scherzando fugue Finale: Incomplete Sonatina Coda Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda The Structure of the Sonata in B minor According to Rey Longyear: Double-function analysis (Three movements in one) First movement of a sonata introduction bar 1-7 exposition bar 8- 178 development bar 179-459 recapitulation bar 460-649 coda bar 650-760 Three movements sonata First movement bar 1-330 Slow movement bar 331-459 finale bar 460-760 Allegro Andante Fugato Coda First movement Slow movement AB Finale: Scherzando Coda Exposition Development Recapitulation The Structure of the Sonata in B minor According to Winklhofer: One-movement sonata form analysis First movement of a sonata exposition bar 1 -204 development bar 205-452 recapitulation bar 453-649 coda bar 650-760 Newman seems to sense that the double-function theory weakens under scrutiny. He warns twice of the danger of making Procrustean beds out of such classifications. The consequences of applying a rigid formal scheme upon a piece never born upon such terrain are dismissed as compromises which Liszt saw as necessary to retain the double-function dynamic. Nevertheless, this analysis is the most influential to appear thus far. Rey Longyear also describes the work as a series of distinct movements, which combine for a large sonata form. He finds three movements (First Movement, Slow Movement and Finale) in place of Newmans four, but provides no justification for these designations. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.120 In my opinion, I analyze this sonata B minor in three movements (First Movement, Slow Movement and Coda) and combine a large sonata form. I will discuss why and analyze the structure in my essay. First mvt. Second mvt. Third mvt. coda section Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda location mm.1-330 mm.331-459 mm.460-710 mm711-760 tempo Lento/Allegro Andante Allegro-Prestissimo Andante key Unstable (G minor- B minor)B minor- D major F sharp major- A major- F sharp major B flat minor- B minor- B major B major motive (theme) A A1 mm.1 D mm.331 A2- A3 mm.460 D mm.711 C mm.349 C mm.718 A2 mm.8 B mm.363 A2- A3 mm.533 A2- A3- A1 mm.729 A3 mm.14 D mm.393 B mm.105 C mm.433 B mm.600 C mm.153 A1 mm.453 Section one Exposition We can see section one as an exposition of the sonata form. From beginning to mm.17 is theme A, Liszt uses the variety of theme A in the whole piece. A1, A2, A3 motive lead the development of whole piece. William Stein Newman thought motive A is the important link which starts and ends every different section in the whole piece. More noticeable here than the attractive character of these ideas is the effect on harmonic. The Sonata in B minor does not start in B minor, nor is any other key stably established. The first seven bars (mm.1-7) is a tonal centre of G as a beginning. The focus on G in motive A1 then serves as a point of common contact to the start of A2. In theme A, there are lots A sharp which is leading tone of B minor, can not resolve to B minor because of vague tone(Example 1 mm.1-17). Motive A1 begins with lento assai and sotto voce, consists of descending scales suggesting either G minor or C minor, with continuously alterations. The second motive A2 is characterized by its contour, which outlines a diminished seventh, and by its robust, dotted rhythms. This motive A2 also begins on G, but implies B minor, ending on A sharp. We may expect the tonic followed by this leading tone. Instantly the third motive (A3) is presented, a striking upbeat contour, starting on B minor but leaving with a dimi nished seventh on the leading tone to G at m.17. (see Example 1) Example 1 mm.1-17 à ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ .PNG Liszt expresses his thematic presentation with fermatas on the rests at m.17 in the end. What follows is a brief section of transition. Those sequences all start on diminished seventh. This harmonic is really unstable, proceeds in chromatically ascending sequences, and presents a variation of motive A2 at m.25. Although the E flat major chord in mm.24-25 marks the peak of the chromatic rise which began in m.18, it is the result of a illusive cadential move. The dominant seventh on B at bar 24 which prepares E minor rather than E flat major. Liszt avoids affirmation of a key here again. (see example 2) Example 2 m.18-31à ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ 2.PNG He want a breathtaking arrival on F sharp in m.30, that why he chose the A2 motive for mm.25-29, and why the resolution is postponed , is explained by the first full cadence of this Sonata, finally appeared at bar 30-31. At m.31, Liszt delays the G as an appoggiatura to F sharp, the dominant of B. The entire element from mm.1-32 is an expended harmonic move from G at the beginning, to a implication of B minor (m.13), and the F sharp in m.30, and finally to B minor (m.32). The result is an dramatic cadential progression VI-i-V-I. mm:1-7 9-13 14-16 18-22 22-24 25-30 30-31 32 b: vi à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬i V/ivà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢IV V7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ i Liszt uses only two motivic elements, derived from A2 and A3. Regular two bar phrases predominate. The harmonic rhythm has become slow and even, despite the speed of execution in performance, and the marking sempre forte ed agitato. Finally, he uses the subdominant to confirm B minor (Example 3. mm.32-44). Example 3. mm.32-44 Beginning with bar 45, following the tonal presentation of B minor, we can see four sections of transitional material. The first section (bar 45-54) contains of A2 fragments appearing in sequence; second (bar 55-66) and third (bar67-81) sections use motive A2 in the famous passage of octaves, and the fourth (bar 81-104) changes back to A1. At bar 105 first appear new theme B, and the key changes to D major.(Example 4) Theme B comes from Crux fidelis of plain chant. Here it is enough to draw attention to the imaginative phrase structure of this melody-two two- bar units then one five-bar phrase. The harmonic stability of the Grandioso theme in the Sonata is conspicuous by comparison with that of the exposition explored thus far. B minor had been weakened because of its delayed presentation and the use of subdominant rather than dominant confirmation. Although bar 105-119 is prepared for by strong cadential motion, which creates the expectation of an impending tonal plateau firmly seated in the secondary key, this is not in fact what occurs. The stability of D major is only momentary. Example 4: The motive of A2 moves into F major; and then D minor at bar 133-134. The section is static rather than dynamic in the sense of polarized tonal moves; Liszt moves to colorful harmonic areas related to D major. There is an extend of A2 at the section of dolce con grazia at bar 125, the value of note is expanded at right hand. At bar 141-152 , A3 reappears and serves two purposes: First is to provide closure to the tonal deflection, second is to allow a transitional phrase introducing the last structural division of the exposition. The section (bar 153-204) offers a masterful transformation, theme C. Theme C appears at bar 153, this theme C has triggered a heated debate. Lots of scholars thought theme C is variation of A3, so it is not a new theme. However, the atmosphere is totally different, so it can be independent. The aggressive character of the original has become lyrical by means of rhythmic augmentation, a triplet accompaniment, and a new harmonization. At bar 171, the triplet transformed to upper voice, the motive A2 appeared indistinctly on lower voice at bar 179. Liszt reinforced motive A2 by octave chords at bar 205 and 221. Motive A3 appeared from bar 255, the tempo become agitated, from scale to octave parallel. After bar 277, motive A1 developed from bar 275-286, and followed by motive A2. The key modulated dramatically to C sharp minor at bar 297 and theme B appeared. Bar 275-281 Bar 294-302 The end of exposition mainly based on motive A3, some motive A2 modulated to E minor which integrate with A3. The lower voice continued repeating motive A3, and motive A2, the value of note is expanded at the upper voice. Section 2 Development The Andante starts roughly with a new Theme D at bar 331(example 5). A chorale which unfolds in tonal ambiguity as a parallel to the opening of the sonata at bar 1-7. Once again the structural seam is blurred, here by introducing the first chord of the Andante three bars early, then sustaining it until the changes of key, meter and tempo are accomplished silently at bar 331. Tempo is from Andante sostenuto to Quasi Adagio at bar 347, the key modulates to A major and theme C appears at bar 349. Theme B appears at bar 363 as F sharp major and modulates to g minor reappears again at bar 376. This is the only time theme B shows as minor (example 6). After the contrast between upper and lower voice, theme D which only showed twice in development now reaches a climax in development section (example 7). There are lots of diminished seventh and semitone after the climax. The Andante maintains the basic sonata characteristics. A secondary key area in the lowered mediant is presented after the opening tonic statement in F sharp; following two modulatory sections, both the chorale and the secondary material return for reinterpretation in F sharp. Like the first presentation of the chorale, the recapitulation at mm.393ff. likewise makes a gradual approach to the tonic. F sharp is confirmed throughout the remainder of the slow movement, particularly in an attenuated dominant progression at mm. 415-33. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.158 From bar 454, motive A1 becomes a bridge which connects development and recapitulation and at bar 460 Liszt used the term G flat instead of F sharp (enharmonic equivalent) for the changes of the key, which is from F sharp major to B flat minor (example 8). Example 5: Example 6: Example 7: Example 8: Section 3 Recapitulation In the Classical Style, Charles Rosen discusses one fixed rule of sonata recapitulation: material originally exposed in the dominant or dominant substitute must be represented in the tonic fairly completely, even if rewritten and reorderedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This is , of course, not a rule at all but a sensitivity to tonal relationships. Liszt conforms to this requirement. After the reinterpretation of secondary key area in the exposition in B major as a muted point of arrival, he omits the tonal deflection and its transitional tail, the bar 153-178 from the exposition are then restated in the tonic (mm.616-614); after m.644, motive A2 modulates, as did the original passage in the exposition. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.154 Why did I choose the fugue section (from bar 460) as a beginning of recapitulation? The structure in section 3 is similar to section 1, and the motives are symmetrical. This is why I choose the fugue section as a beginning of recapitulation. The reason why there is no motive A1 in the beginning, it is because motive A1 have already appeared at the end of development (bar 453-459, example 8), so the recapitulation starts with motive A2 and A3 (example 9). example 9: The fugues counterpoint gradually transforms itself in masterly fashion into a more homophonic texture, a process initiated by the combination of A2, articulated in chords, with A3 (bar502-508). A middle voice, also sounding A3, produces a stretto between the two lower parts. Motive A2 chords take on a more agitated dotted rhythm while the left hand forsakes A3 to take up A2- but in inversion at bar 509. At bar 554 the chromatic flux that introduced the B flat major to G minor to E flat major sequences of motive A2 takes a new turn. Liszt landed on a chord of E flat again, but without the sequence. The chord of E fat accompanies theme A1 (bars 555-560) to develop, however, serves to affirm the tonic of B rather than move away from it. The E flat chord maintains its first inversion bass of G, but upper voices move on to B and E nature, and theme A1 is repeated again. The G bass turns to F sharp, the dominant of B, and motive A2 and A1 alternate in different registers of piano. The var iant of shapes taken by these two motives can stop the inevitable pull to B, its dominant pedal attached in the bass. At bar 673 we hear them A2 in the same position again, but marked Presto with its initial G immediately contradicted by G sharp, simultaneously the beginning of the coda and a reworking of the false recapitulation, now transformed in the original key. Motive A1 increases in momentum to open the doors for a Prestissimo variation of motive A2 and arrive in B major with fff. After setting the entire keyboard ringing with the dominant seventh of B, suddenly breaks off. A silence introduces a recall of the Andante sostenuto in the tonic, its final cadence strangely interrupted (bar 728-729). The bass note has landed on B, nut the upper parts presents the diminished seventh chord of motive A2, the harmony that prepared the way for the Andantes first appearance (bar 328-330). The Andante recall seems to be going into reverse as the bass intones the sinister chatter of motiv e A3 on B. A weak cadence on a chord of B major is darkened twice by a reminder of the dissonant G with which the Sonata began. The final chord progression at bar 754-760 is probably the most remarkable of its type in the piano literature of the entire nineteenth century. A minor and F major are bravely posed for a coloristic approach to B major by thirds. The six four inversion of B major offers an accurate arrangement, the sonority is like bell-ringing, and the rhythm is disoriented. This unstable chord fulfills the function of closure normally supplied by a triad in root position. The root of this B major chord is then repeated in the bass as an unexpected point, just like a punctuation of full stop at the end (example 10). Example 10 In summarizing the relationship between content and form in the Sonata, the evidence of Liszts conscious control is overwhelming. The Sonata exhibits the same sensitive balancing of tonal and thematic elements for which Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven are recognized. The underlying differences issue from the change in the basic chord grammar. Weakening the tonic areas in a sonata form was only one structural manifestation of contemporary attitudes toward form, The expressivity of the sonata procedure had taken on a new dimension. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.164 How do the great pianists think about the structure? The great pianist , Alfred Brendel and Claudio Arrau, they think this sonata is one movement structure. From Alfred Brendels Book Music Sounded Out Alfred Brendel thought this piece as one movement structure including five sections. Claudio Arrau thought this sonata contains six sections. In Joseph Horowitzs Book Conversations with Arrau Arrau said that the mastery of construction sets this sonata apart. In its time such free form in a sonata was completely unknown. How does analysis affect performance? What effect should musics structure have on the way in which music is performed? In particular, how should the results of analysis be conveyed to the listener? One familiar response- at least, the one I have heard most often- asserts that analysis is useful because, knowing what a piece of music contains in terms of structure, the performer can proceed to bring it out. -Rink,J. (1995)The Practice of Performance In Alfred Brendels books: Schunabel always encouraged students to find out as much as possible about the structure, harmonies, motivic technique, used in each score. But there is no basis for interpretation in most of thisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.To begin the study of a new work by analyzing its form, in school-term paper fashion, is more harmful than helpfulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦True analysis is but a clarification and intensification of musical sensitivity, an additional push in the right direction as established by musical instinct. Like Schnabel, I feel that few analytic insights have a direct bearing on performance, and that analysis should be the outcome of an intimate familiarity with the piece rather than an input of established concepts. A more convincing explanation for the genesis of the Sonata appears in an examination of Liszts corpus of one-movement instrumental works from the early fifties. As he discovered unusual formal procedures in the symphonic poems, for example, it seems more likely that he decided to experiment similarly in piano compositions. This hints that solutions to specific structural problems flooded into ideas for the content and architecture of the Sonata. The inspirational source was therefore an internal one, within Liszts own imagination, and related to his current orchestral projects. Liszts perceptive of the classical style, and his acknowledge recognition of a linking Beethovens treatment of form in the late works, and his own in the fifties, is worth examining. His intellectual approach to formal theory suggests an undiscovered avenue for understanding the basic technique of the Sonata. Liszt implemented structural principles adapted from the classical style should prove that the B minor Sonata was bound to tradition more securely than is commonly considered, and that his accomplishment of balance between traditional form and inspirational consent was in fact approached at skillfully.

How and why is masculinity in crisis?

How and why is masculinity in crisis? Discuss with reference to psychoanalytic theories of masculinity. It is widely argued that Western Societies are currently witnessing a crisis of masculinity. The status of masculinity is changing and this is partially due because the society is changing economically, socially and especially in relation to the position of women. These changes also affect the sphere of consumption and popular culture. I will examine at first how Freud places a great emphasis on the early relationship of the young boy. This relationship will have important consequences for development. According to Freud, this relationship is overshadowed by the oedipal conflict. Secondly I will go through Kleins theory about the relationship between the boy and the mother. Contrary to Freud, Melanie Klein emphasis the powerful maternal figure. After that I will explain how masculinity is shaped by social and cultural theories; how and why masculinity is changing. Masculine identity as it has been seen formerly within patriarchal cultures as evolved into a new male. The roots of a crisis in masculinity are analysed in social theories in terms of a conflict in gender roles. Cultural theories, which intersect with Lacans idea, are also important in how the crisis in masculinity has been studied. The rise of feminism has surely encouraged many men to question how they view women. Now that feminism has attacked the pat riarchal systems of power and control, masculinity has been left undermined and unsure. Finally I will give an overview on how masculinity is view between men. To evaluate how masculinity might be in crisis, it is first necessary to examine how psychoanalytical theories assume that boys gain their masculine identity; or in other words how they become men. Freuds ideas about masculinity developed in three steps. The first one is the idea of continuity between normal and neurotic mental life, the concepts of repression and the unconscious, and the method that allowed unconscious mental processes to be read through dreams, jokes, slips of the tongues and symptoms (Connell, 1995). Freud understood that adult sexuality and gender were not fixed by nature but were constructed through a long and conflict-ridden process. Freud places a great emphasis on the early relationships of the young boy with his parents or caregivers. It is the vicissitudes of these relationships that will have important consequences for development. In Freudian terms, this early relationship is overshadowed by the oedipal conflict. The Oedipus complex is characterized by th e desire for one parent and hatred for the other. For boys, the Oedipus complex is the rivalry with the father and terror of castration. Here Freud identified a formative moment in masculinity and pictured the dynamics of a formative relationship. Freud argued that homosexuality is not a simple gender switch and a large proportion of male inverts retain the mental quality of masculinity. The second step in Freuds analysis of masculinity is the development to gender. He goes further by saying that masculine and feminine currents coexist in everyone. In his final stage, Freud developed his account of the structure of personality, in particular the concept of the superego. The superego is formed in the aftermath of the Oedipus complex, by internalized prohibitions from the parents. Freud gradually came to see it as having a gendered character, being crucially a product of the childs relationship with the father, and more distinct in the case of boys and girls. This provided the germ of a theory of the patriarchal organization of culture, transmitted from one generation to the next through the construction of masculinity. The most important processes that occur in early life that influence the construction of the male identity is the oedipal complex. According to Greenson (1968), the idea of disidentification is divided into two processes: firstly a boy must sever the emotional ties he has with the primary caregiver, usually the mother, and secondly he needs to identify with a male role model, usually the father. The role of the father in the masculine identity is seen as crucial by psychoanalysts. Horrocks (1994) sees the role of fathering as an introduction to manhood. He also identify one of the most important functions of the father as to show the young boy that it is possible to live with the mother, to have conflict, fear and guilt. According to Horrocks, the modern damage male is seen as unfathered. The boys entry into his masculinity can only be achieved through his castration complex which sets in motion his separation from his mother and identification with his father. Freud (1925) explains the castration complex by a few stages. First, the young boy believes that everyone has a penis. Secondly, he discovers that women do not have penises and assumes that they have been mutilated. Thirdly, when he begins to masturbate, he is told that he will be castrated. Fourthly, when he finds that the breast has been removed, he believes that the penis will be next. The Oedipus complex is abolished by the fear of castration. In contrast to Freud, Melanie Klein argues that is envy of the mother rather than rivalry with the father that impedes psychic changes. The relationship between the boys and the mother has been left undeveloped by Freud. Disagreeing with Freud, about his account of oedipal feelings in relation to the father, she argues that the first signs appear in relation to the mother. In fact, according to Horrocks (1994) the young boy is surrounded by feminine presence throughout his early childhood, and it is important for him to break away and discover a world of men where he can gain his roots of male identity. The central paradox is that men want to escape from womanhood but there is also the desire to become close to a woman. For Klein, masculinity and femininity are biologically determined and reinforced during childhood in opposition to Freud who believes that bodies and minds are structured through patterns of cultural power. Klein assumes that the concept of the womb envy is an importa nt component in the male psyche. Minsky (1995) describes how the Kleinian point of view sees the development of male power as being rooted in the fear of the womb. Besides his envy of his mothers breasts, the young boy also becomes envious of her womb and the power it give to create life. According to Minsky (1995), the phallus saves men and provides a distraction from the womb envy. Kleins concept of womb-envy is important to understand male misogyny. Boys envious of their mother have to accept that they can never have breasts or a womb. Unconscious womb-envy helps to explain the opposition between nature (identified with women) and culture (identified with men). Men have to opt for culture because nature, in the sense of giving birth and feeding children from their own bodies, is simply unavailable to them (Minsky, 1996). Is the notion of a crisis in masculinity new, or it is just that each generation experiences it in different ways? The evidence has been suggesting the latter. As Mangan says Crisis isa condition of masculinity itself. Masculine gender identity is never stable; its terms are continually being re-defined and re-negotiated, the gender performance continually being re-staged. Certain themes and tropes inevitably re-appear with regularity, but each era experiences itself in different ways. (Mangan 1997:4). Cultural conceptions of masculinity and femininity vary between cultures and alter over historical time. Cultural theories, which intersect with Lacans ideas, are important in how the crisis in masculinity has been studied. According to Lacan, the phallus is the central signifier of the sexual difference. The principle of masculinity rests on the repression of feminine aspects and introduces conflict into the opposition of masculine and feminine. Faludi (2000) described the new male as objectified and subject of a sexist consumer culture. In addition, he believes that the mans secured attachments and relationships with the workplace are no longer powerful and exclusive as they were. Now that the rise of feminism has attacked the patriarchal systems of power and control, masculinity has been left undermined and unsure. Apparently, this rise has left men confused in the way they view women. Faludi strongly believes that this crisis in masculinity can be resolved if both women and men c an work together to combat it. There are a number of contributory factors to the so-called crisis in masculinity. I will be describing some of them. Maguire (1995) point out that mens crisis concerned their social role and identity. For her, these uncertainties manifest themselves in violence, increased levels of suicide and abusive behaviour towards them or others. Men are more likely to commit suicide than women. Suicide appears to be triggered by relationship problems, unemployment, drug and alcohol abuse, low self-esteem and mental illness. Many men remain bad at acknowledging and expressing feelings which left them trapped between the old-style macho and the new-man type behaviour requiring a man to be in touch with his feelings. Social research finds that men are choosing to remain living at home rather than move out on their own (Office of National Statistics, 2000). Whitehead (2002) found out that this evidence prove that men are failing to cope with the new challenges they are facing. Society is moving from a patriarchal culture, to give way to different masculinities. The rise of feminism, changing family patterns, social concerns about jobs contributed to these changes. The advent of post modernity has resulted in redundancy, constant job role changes and unemployment for men. According to Beynon (2001) men now suffer deep depression at the loss of the breadwinner role and the status that went with it. He claims that men are falling out of family life in greater numbers and may end up lonely. More men end up isolated socially and psychologically, finding it difficult to ask for help. At least 50% of marriage in UK result in divorce and as Beynon found out men is mostly responsible for marital breakdown. Nowadays, women have demonstrated that they can bring up children without men. Clare says that the rise in the number of single mothers suggests not merely that men are inadequate as partners and fathers, but they are simply redundant. Women are asserting that they can convince rear children on their own. They dont need men to father their childrenwomen can do without them in the workplace. Even more significantly, they can do without them in their beds. (Clare 2000:100). A significant number of fathers involved in divorce leave the family home and become non-resident. The visiting father is a shadowy, displaced figure trying to avoid becoming an ex-father, who stops but does not stay, who is no longer a man of the house, but a visitor who come and goes. (Clare 2000: 150-1). Women are seen to be living more successful and fulfilling lives, without relying on their partners. So, the loss of patriarchal authority and the equality in heterosexual relationship have left men disoriented. In other way, is the notion of a crisis in masculinity new, or it is just that each generation experiences it in different ways? The evidence has been suggesting the latter. As Mangan says Crisis isa condition of masculinity itself. Masculine gender identity is never stable; its terms are continually being re-defined and re-negotiated, the gender performance continually being re-staged. Certain themes and tropes inevitably re-appear with regularity, but each era experiences itself in different ways. (Mangan 1997:4).

Compare and Contrast: The Difference Between the United States and Chi

According to Chinese bureau of statistics, some 70% of student who come to the United States from 1978 to 2010 stayed in The United States. The hard choice of whether stay in The United States or come back to China makes more and more Chinese people concentrate on a basic question: what is the difference between The United States and China. Although both The United States and China are world’s major economies, in terms of living and working, The United States has advantages over China in relationship between people, work relationship, and getting information. People in the United States show more trust to each other than people in China do. In the United States, returns of product can be made without receipt. However, in China, to return a product a receipt is required. Shop assistants want to make sure that consumers really bought product from their shop. They take it for granted that all consumers are not honest. According to Peter Hessler, a journalist of New Yorker magazine, after car accidents, American drivers will exchange telephone number for further negotiation. . Chinese driver naturally assume that people will not answer the phone call that calls them to pay money. Instead of telephone numbers, most of the times, drivers exchange cash to resolve the car accident. Chinese driver naturally assume that people will not answer the phone call that calls them to pay money. The difference between windows between the United States and China also indicates the â€Å"trust† difference. Generally, people in the United States live in house with no guard bars fixed inside or outside windows. In contrast, most of Chinese people who live on the first or second floor block windows with guard bars inside or outside the window in case ... ...ticles/2008/12/25/1229998632678.html [Accessed 12 August 2011]. Jiao Guobiao, 2004. Censorship in China. [online] Available at: http://www.international.ucla.edu/asia/article.asp?parentid=18567 [Accessed 10 August 2011]. BBC News, 2002. Bush’s â€Å"evil† comment stirs critics. [online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1796034.stm [Accessed 2 August 2011]. Macworld, 2011. Reports: Foxconn to close Apple iPhone factories in China: Apple device manufacturer ends suicide payments. [online]Available at: http://mobile.macworld.co.uk/ipod-itunes/news/index.cfm?newsid=3226585 [Accessed 2 August 2011] Kuhn, R. (2010) How China’s Leaders Think. Singapore: Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd.. Hessler, P. (2010) Country Driving: A Journey Through China from Farm to Factory. Translated from English by Li Xueshun. Shanghai: Shanghai Yiwen Publishing

Superficial Love in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream :: Midsummer Nights Dream Essays

Superficial Love in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream In the first soliloquy of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, Helena talks primarily of a love that contains depth, a love that looks at who a person is, personality-wise, as opposed to nothing more than their appearance. Helena explains, "Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind" (1.1.240). In the shallow culture in which Helena lives, and even in today's society, it is difficult for people to look beyond the outer shell and follow a deeper perception. The concept of the "perfect person" is constantly drilled into people's minds. In Helena's day, this was through expectations taught to children from their parents. Today, this type of expectation comes mostly from the media and entertainment industries. Helena describes love as the "admiring of his qualities" and as possessing the ability to "transpose to form and dignity" (1.1.238-240). Though this may not be a perfect definition, it is much closer to the Biblical definition as described in 1 Corinthians than most common definitions of Helena's day. Because of the strong influence of the shallow culture in which Helena lives, she, too, finds it difficult to keep society's pressure out of her definition of love. One of the first things she points out in her soliloquy is the fact that, "Through Athens I am thought as fair as she" (1.1.232). She then proceeds to explain how she wishes Demetrius would think she is as fair as Hermia. If Helena believes so strongly in love coming as a result of admiration of one's personality, one must question why she loves this man who focuses merely on the appearance of women and pays no regard for who they are as a person. Then, again, the number of men in her day who didn't found their love on such superficial characteristics was probably pretty low, if not zero. Either way, Helena's perception of love is not perfect, her thoughts are still influenced by the surrounding culture. Helena's interpretation of love, as a deep, powerful emotion is virtually unseen in the rest of the play. Rather, the opposite, superficial love, plagues most characters of the play. Theseus, Demetrius, and Lysander constantly offer comments about females. Rather than focusing on who these women are, these comments pertain to the appearance of the women.

Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12

Supplementary Textual Material in Chemistry for Class XI & Class XII 1 Acknowledgements CBSE ADVISORS Shri Vineet Joshi, I. A. S. , Chairman, CBSE Shri Shashi Bhushan, Director (Acad. ), CBSE CONVENOR & EDITOR Prof. A. K. Bakhshi Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi. DEVELOPMENT TEAM Prof. A. K. Bakhshi Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi. Dr. Anju Srivastava Hindu College, University of Delhi. Dr. Vimal Rarh S. G. T. B. Khalsa College, University of Delhi. Dr. Geetika Bhalla Hindu College, University of Delhi. Ms. Anupama Sharma Modern School, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi. MEMBER COORDINATOR Dr.Srijata Das, Education Officer, CBSE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Class XI Unit 5 : States of Matter 5. 7. 1 Kinetic Energy and Molecular Speeds 5. 7. 2 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular speeds Unit 6 : Thermodynamics 6. 6. 1. Second Law of Thermodynamics 6. 8. Third Law of Thermodynamics Unit 7 : Equilibrium 7. 12. 1 pH of Buffer Solutions Class XII Unit 16 : Chemistry in Everyd ay Life 16. 4. 2. 1 Antioxidants 3 Unit 5: States of Matter 5. 7. 1 KINETIC ENERGY AND MOLECULAR SPEEDS As you have studied in the previous section the molecules of a gas are always in motion and are colliding with each other and with the walls of the container.Due to these collisions the speeds and the kinetic energies of the individual molecules keep on changing. However at a given temperature, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules remains constant. If at a given temperature, n1 molecules have speed v1, n2 molecules have speed v2, n3 molecules have speed v3, and so on. Then, the total kinetic energy (EK) of the gas at this temperature is given by where m is the mass of the molecule. The corresponding average kinetic energy ( If the following term Then the average kinetic energy is given by where c is given by 4 ) of the gas will beThis ‘c’ is known as root-mean-square speed. As the name implies, to calculate c, first take the squares of the individual speeds , then their mean and finally the square root of the mean. It can be shown that c is related to temperature by The average kinetic energy depends only on absolute temperature and is related to absolute temperature by the expression where k = Boltzmann constant = 1. 38 x 10-23 J K-1 In the case of gases, one also talks of two other speeds, namely, average speed and most-probable speed. The average speed ( ) at a given temperature is the arithmetic mean of the speeds of different molecules of the gas. . e, where n1 molecules have speed v1, n2 molecules have speed v2, n3 molecules have speed v3, and so on. The relationship between average speed and temperature T is given by The most probable speed ( ) of a gas at a given temperature is the speed possessed by the maximum number of molecules at that temperature. Unlike average speed and root mean square speed, the most probable speed cannot be expressed in terms of the individual molecular speeds. The most probable speed ( ) is related t o absolute temperature (T) by the expression 5 Relationship between different types of molecular speedsThe three types of molecular speeds, namely, most probable speed ( ), average speed ( ) and root mean square speed (c) of a gas at a given temperature are related to each other as follows: For a particular gas, at a particular temperature, It follows from the above relationships that Example: Calculate the root mean square, average and most probable speeds of oxygen molecules at 27 oC. Solution: Given data: Molar mass of oxygen, M = 32 g mol-1 = 0. 032 kg mol-1 Temperature, t = 27 oC T = (27 + 273) K = 300 K 6 Expressions to be used: Root mean square speed, Average speed, Most probable speed, Actual calculationsRoot mean square speed, Average speed, Most probable speed, 5. 7. 2 MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR SPEEDS The speeds of the individual molecules of a gas do not remain constant. They keep on changing due to inter molecular collisions and due to collisions with t he walls of the container. However, at a given temperature, the distribution of molecular speeds remains constant. This distribution of molecular speeds is given by Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law. 7 For a given gas, at a given temperature, the distribution curve of molecular speeds is shown in Figure 5. 7. 1 Figure 5. 7. 1.Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curve You can see from the distribution curve that it is the plot of molecular speed vs the fraction of molecules. The important features of this distribution curve are: (i) The fraction of molecules having too low or too high speeds is very small. (ii) There is a certain speed for which the fraction of molecules is maximum. This speed is known as most probable speed. (iii) The most probable speed of a gas, is the speed possessed by the maximum number of molecules of the gas at a given temperature and it corresponds to the peak of the curve. Since the most probable speed ( xpression ) is related to absolute temperature T by the I t means that at the same temperature, lighter gases shall move faster than heavier gases as is evident from the distribution curves of chlorine and nitrogen gases in Figure 5. 7. 2. 8 Figure 5. 7. 2. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves for chlorine and nitrogen gases at 300K Effect of temperature In Figure 5. 7. 3. are given the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves of a gas at three different temperatures T1, T2 and T3 such that T1>T2>T3. Figure 5. 7. 3. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves for a gas at three different temperatures 9It can be seen from these distribution curves that as the temperature increases 1. The entire curve shifts towards right. 2. The most probable speed increases. 3. The fraction of molecules having most probable speed decreases. 4. The curve becomes broader in the middle range indicating that more molecules have speeds near to the most probable speed. 5. The fraction of molecules having higher speeds increases. 6. The fraction of molecules having lower speed decreases. It may be noted that the total area under each of the curves remains the same as the sum of fractions of molecules remains unaltered on changing the temperature. 0 EXERCISE 1. Calculate (i) root mean square speed (ii) average speed and (iii) most probable speed of CO2 molecules at 700 K . 2. A sample of a gas contains 15 molecules with a speed of 3 m s-1, 25 molecules with a speed of 5 m s-1 and 30 molecules with a speed of 8 m s-1. Calculate root mean square speed of these molecules. 3. Calculate the temperature at which the average speed of oxygen equals that of hydrogen at 20 K. 4. Calculate the temperatures at which the root mean square speed, average speed and the most probable speed of oxygen gas are all equal to 1500 m s-1. Answers 1. i. 629. 92, m s-1 ii. 80. 50 m s-1 iii. 514. 33 m s-1 2. 6. 187 m s-1 3. 320 K 4. T for root mean square speed= 2886 K, T for the average speed = 3399 K, T for most probable speed = 4330 K 11 12 Unit 6 : Thermodynamics 6. 6. 1 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS You have already studied in the previous sections that the first law of thermodynamics deals only with the law of conservation of energy and it gives no information about the criteria for feasibility of a given physical or chemical process. This law is always obeyed whether a given process occurs on its own or is made to occur with the help of an external agency.In any case the first law is valid in both the forward and reverse direction of the process. You have also learnt about the concept of entropy which is a measure of the randomness or the disorder in a system. This concept helps in explaining the spontaneity of the irreversible processes. For an irreversible process, the entropy of the system and surroundings taken together i. e. of the universe increases, while for a process at equilibrium it remains constant. This conclusion is of great importance as it helps us to predict whether a given process can take place spontaneously or not.Since a ll processes in nature occur spontaneously i. e. irreversibly, it follows that the entropy of the universe is increasing continuously. This important statement i. e. â€Å"in any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe (system and surroundings) always increases† is also known as the second law of thermodynamics. ?SUniverse = ? Ssystem + ? Ssurroundings Specifically it means that If ? SUniverse > 0, the reaction is spontaneous If ? SUniverse < 0, the reaction is non-spontaneous If ? SUniverse = 0, the reaction is at equilibriumSince chemists are generally more interested in the system (reaction mixture) than the surroundings, it is therefore more convenient to restate the second law in terms of the thermodynamic properties of the system, without regard to the surroundings. As already described in the previous section, this is possible through the Gibbs free energy G which for a system is defined as G = H – TS. In terms of this thermodynamic property, the second law of thermodynamics can be restated as in any spontaneous process at 13 constant temperature and pressure, the free energy of the system (? Gsystem) always decreases.According to this definition If ? Gsystem < 0, the reaction is spontaneous If ? Gsystem > 0, the reaction is non-spontaneous If ?Gsystem = 0, the reaction is at equilibrium 6. 8. THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The third law of thermodynamics is concerned with determination of entropy. It states that a substance which is perfectly crystalline at absolute zero of temperature has an entropy of zero. In a perfect crystal at absolute zero of temperature, each constituent of the crystal (atom, molecule or ion) is at the proper crystal lattice site and it therefore has the lowest energy.This means that this particular state is of perfect order, i. e, has zero disorder and hence zero entropy. Using zero value of entropy at absolute zero for a perfectly crystalline substance as the reference point (initial state), on e can calculate absolute value of entropy of the substance in any state (solid, liquid or gas) at any temperature by calculating ? S for the process/es in going from the initial state to the state of the substance for which entropy is to be calculated. However there are certain substances which possess certain entropy even at absolute zero.This entropy is known as residual entropy. The origin of residual entropy can be explained on the basis of the disorder which remains at absolute zero in certain crystals composed of AB types of molecules where A and B are similar atoms (as in CO). In such substances, there is a very little energy difference between â€Å"†¦AB AB AB†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å".. †¦AB BA BA AB†¦.. † and other arrangements so that the molecules adopt the orientations AB and BA at random in the solid. This gives rise to some disorder, also known as frozen disorder, and consequently residual entropy.For example in case of CO, the measured residual entropy is 5 J K-1 mol-1 which is close to the value expected for a random structure Figure 1 (B) of the form â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦CO CO OC CO CO OC OC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . 14 Figure 1. Alternative molecular arrangements for CO (A) Perfect crystal (B) Actual crystal EXERCISE 1. State Second Law of Thermodynamics. 2. Write the conditions in terms of ? H and ? S when a reaction would be always spontaneous. 3. When ? H > 0 and ? S < 0, a reaction is never spontaneous. Explain. 4. Comment on the spontaneity of a reaction at constant temperature and pressure in the following cases i) ? H < 0 and ? S > 0 (ii) ? H > 0 and ? S < 0 (iii) ? H < 0 and ? S < 0 (iv) ? H > 0 and ? S > 0 5. State third law of thermodynamics. 6. Explain the term residual entropy. 15 Unit 7: Equilibrium 7. 12. 1 pH OF BUFFER SOLUTIONS : HENDERSON – HASSELBALCH EQUATION As you have already learnt in the previous section a buffer solution is a solution which resists change in its pH on t he addition of small amount of acid or a base. Most of the important buffer solutions generally consist of mixtures of weak acids and their salts or weak bases and their salts.These buffer solutions are known as acidic buffers and basic buffers respectively. If the pH of the buffer solution is less than 7, it is called an acidic buffer and if the pH of the buffer solution is greater than 7 it is called a basic buffer. Examples of some acidic and basic buffers are as given below Acidic buffer Basic buffer 1) Acetic acid and sodium acetate 1) Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride 2) Formic acid and sodium formate 2) Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate pH of an acidic buffer A very common example of an acidic buffer is a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate.Acetic acid, being a weak acid, is very slightly dissociated, while sodium acetate being a salt is completely dissociated. The mixture thus contains acetic acid molecules as well acetate ions and sodium ions. At equilibr ium: CH3COOH(aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO-(aq) Taking the negative logarithm on both the sides, we get 16 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 39) In general, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 40) It may be noted that the concentration of the acetate ions is taken to be almost equal to the concentration of the salt because the acetate ions coming from fully dissociated salt (here sodium acetate) suppress the ionization of the weak acid (acetic acid). This equation (7. 0) is called Henderson- Hasselbalch equation. According to this equation, the pH of an acidic buffer consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its salt depends on the pKa of the acid, and the concentrations of the salt and acid in the mixture. If concentration of the salt is equal to that of the acid, then Buffer action of Acidic buffer The buffer action of an acidic buffer consisting of a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate can be explained in the following way. If we add small amount of HCl to the buffer solution it will ionise to give H+ ions. These combine with CH3COO- ions to form weakly ionized acetic acid.CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq) ? CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) Since H+ ions get neutralised by CH3COO- ions, there will be no change in pH. On the other hand, if we add a few drops of NaOH to the buffer solution, it provides OH- ions which are neutralized by the acetic acid present in the mixture. 17 OH-(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) ? CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(l) Therefore the pH of the solution remains unchanged. pH of a Basic Buffer A very common example of a basic buffer is a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride. Ammonium hydroxide being a weak base is very slightly dissociated, while ammonium chloride being a salt is completely dissociated.The mixture thus contains ammonium hydroxide molecules as well as ammonium ions and chloride ions. At equilibrium, NH4OH(aq) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) Taking the negative logarithm on both the sides, we get †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 41) In general, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 42) 18 It may be noted that the concentration of the ammonium ions is taken to be almost equal to the concentration of the salt because ammonium ions coming from the fully dissociated salt (here ammonium chloride) suppress the ionization of the weak base ammonium hydroxide. This equation (7. 42) is called Henderson- Hasselblach equation. Further, pH can be calculated easily from pOH using Hence,It may be noted that pKa + pKb = 14 Buffer action of basic buffer The buffer action of a basic buffer consisting of a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride can be explained in the following way. If a few drops of HCl are added to the buffer solution, it will ionise to give H+ ion which will combine with OH- ions to form H2O. H+(aq) + OH- (aq) ? H2O(l) Therefore, the addition of HCl will not change the pH. On the other hand, when a few drops of NaOH solution are added to the buffer solution, it would give OH- ions. These OH- ions combine with NH4+ ions present in the solution to form NH4OH, which is only slightly ionised.OH-(aq) + NH4+ (aq) ? NH4OH(aq) Hence, the addition of a base also will not change the pH. 19 EXERCISE 1. A certain buffer is made by mixing sodium formate and formic acid in water. With the help of equations explain how this buffer neutralizes addition of a small amount of an acid or a base. 2. A basic buffer is made by mixing ammonium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate in water. Explain how this buffer resists change in its pH on addition of a small amount of an acid or a base. 3. What would be the pH of a solution obtained by mixing 10 g of acetic acid and 15 g of sodium acetate and making the volume equal to 1 L.Dissociation constant of acetic acid at 25oC is 1. 75 x 10-5. 4. A buffer solution contains 0. 40 mol of ammonium hydroxide and 0. 50 mol of ammonium chloride to make a buffer solution of 1 L. Calculate the pH of the resulting buffer s olution. Dissociation constant of ammonium hydroxide at 25oC is 1. 81 x 10-5. Answers 3. pH = 4. 80 4. 9. 161 20 Class XII Unit 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life 16. 4. 2. 1. ANTIOXIDANTS Antioxidants are one of the important and necessary food additives. These compounds retard the action of oxygen on food thus reducing its speed of decomposition by oxidation. Hence they help in the preservation of food.These act as sacrificial materials, i. e. these are more reactive towards oxygen than are the materials they are protecting. They also reduce the rate of involvement of free radicals in the aging process. Examples: The two most familiar antioxidants used are butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) (Figure 1). These phenolic compounds are added to preserve fats in packaged food. Oxygen reacts preferentially with BHA or BHT rather than oxidizing fats or oils, thereby protecting them from spoilage. The addition of BHA to butter increases its storage life from mo nths to years.Sometimes, BHT and BHA are added in combination with citric or ascorbic acids to produce a more active synergetic effect. Figure 1: Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) Sulphur dioxide and sulphites ( such as sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite and sodium metabisulphite) are useful antioxidants for wine and beers, sugars syrups and cut, peeled or dried fruits and vegetables. They prevent or reduce their discoloration. 21 EXERCISE 1. Name one antioxidant commonly used to increase the storage life of butter. 2. Name one antioxidant used in wine and beers. 22a

Night World : Soulmate Chapter 13

Dont battle, he panted into her face. Itll be easier if you skillful relax.Hannah was f right fieldened-and furious. In your dreams she gasped and slammed a knee into his groin.She hadnt survived Maya and scram thousands of miles to be killed by some weasel of a lamia.She could feel him punishing to do something to her mind-it reminded her of the charge Maya had capturedHa-nahkts eye. Some pleasant of hypnosis, she supposed. notwithstanding shed had comme il faut of hypnosis in the lastweek. She fought it.And she fought with her body, unskillfully maybe, plainly with let start conviction. She head- preciselyted him on thenose when he chastise to embark on close to her neck. Ow The Artful fox jerked bandaging. Then he got a cleanse grip on her fortify. He aspirateed the carpus towardhim and Hannah suddenly realized what he wasdoing. in that location were nice accessible veins t present. He was entirelyton to draw blood from her wrist.No, you dont, she gasped. S he had no supposition what would happen if she lost any to a greater extent blood to avampire. Thierry had verbalise she wasnt in risk of exposure as persistent as she kept away from them for the next week, soshe presumed that if she didnt stay away, she was in danger. And she was al build nonicing sm exclusivelyer changesin herself her ability to t separately advance in the mysterious, for instance.She tried to wrench her arm come on of the boys grip- and whence she hear a gasp. Suddenly she realized thathe wasnt attri merelye her as tightly, and he wasnt onerous to pull her wrist to him. Instead he was yet asterisking ather handwriting.At her ring.The chemical formula on his face world power feel been funny if Hannah hadnt been shaking with adrenaline. He trade careed shocked, dismayed, sc atomic minute 18d, disbelieving, and discompose in all(prenominal) told at once.Who-who-who are you? he spluttered.Hannah looked at the ring, and and then at him. Of co urse. How could she live got been so stupid? She should know mentioned Thierry right away. If he was a Lord of the dark World, maybe e actuallybody knew him.Maybe she could skip the enchantresses altogether.I told you I was looking for somebody. His hollo is Thierry Descouedres. He gave me this ring.The Artful Dodger gave a var. of moan. Then he looked up at her from under his spiky bangs. I didnt distraint you, did I? he say. It wasnt a question, it was a demand for agreement. I didnt do anything toyou.You didnt get the chance, Hannah state. plainly she was afraid the boy baron sightly acquire kill running, so sheadded, I dont necessitate to get you in trouble. I right want to watch everyplace Thierry. Can you divine service me?I help you. Yeah, yeah. I heap be a big help.- He hesitated, then verbalize, Its kind of a retentive straits.A walk? Thierry was here? Hannahs core leaped so racy that her whole body mat up light.Im not deteriorate, she said, and i t was true. I can walk anywhere.The home was enormous.Magnificent. Palatial, nevertheless. Awe-inspiring.The Artful Dodger abandoned Hannah at the beginning of the long palm-tree-lined drive, blurting, Thatsit, and then scampering off into the darkness. Hannah looked after him for a twinkling, then grimly startedup the drive, sincerely hoping that it was it. She was so deteriorate that she was weaving and her feet felt as iftheyd been pounded with stones.As she walked up to the front verge, though, her doubts disappeared. There were blue blush wineseverywhere. There was an arch-shaped stained-glass window above the biramous doors, present a scurrilous rose that hadthe aforementioned(prenominal) intricately knotted pedestal as the one on Hannahs ring. The same design had been worked into thecrowns over the windows. It was utilise similar a family c wait or seal. further seeing all those roses made Hannahs heart beat faster.Okay, then. Ring the doorbell, she told herself . And stop sensation similar some Cinderella whos come to seewhats keeping the prince.She pushed the doorbell button, then held her steer as chimes echoed distantly. disport. Please answer.She heard footsteps approaching and her heart really started to pound.I cant believe its all been this easy. that when the door receptive, it wasnt Thierry. It was a college-age guy with a suit, brown hairs-breadth pulledback into a short ponytail, and dark glasses. He looked vaguely comparable a young CIA agent, Hannah aspectwildly.He and Hannah stared at each an some new(prenominal)(prenominal).Uh, Im here to Im looking for Thierry Des-couedres, Hannah said finally, trying to in effect(p) confident.The CIA guy didnt change expression. When he spoke, it wasnt unkindly, but Hannahs heartplummeted.Hes not here. Try once again in a a couple of(prenominal) days. And its go against to call one of his secretaries ahead showing up.He started to shut the door.A tramp of desperation brok e over Hannah. containress she said, and she actually stuck her foot in thedoorway. She was surprise at herself.The CIA guy looked eat up at her foot, then up at her face. Yes?Oh, God, he echos Im a nuisance visitor. Hannah suddenly had a vision of swarms of petitioners linedup at Thierrys house, all wanting him to do something for them. akin supplicants waiting for an audiencewith the king.And I moldiness look like riffraff, she thought. She was wearing Levis and a shirt that was sweaty andwrinkled after tramping round the Strip all day. Her boots were dusty. Her hair was check anddisheveled, straggling over her face.Yes? the CIA guy said again, politely urgent. .I nothing. Hannah felt crying spring to her eyes and was furious with herself. She hid them by bendingdown to overcharge up her duffel bag, which by now felt as if it were loaded with rocks. She had never been so tired. Her mouth was dry and cottony and her muscles were out devise to cramp.She had no idea where to find a safe place to nap. only it wasnt the CIA guys problem.thank you, Hannah said. She took a enigmatical breath and started to sire away.It was the deep breath that did it. Someone was interbreeding the gravitational constant entrance hall shag the CIA guyand the breath delayed Hannah long enough that they adage each other.Nilsson, wait the someone yelled and came bounding over to the door.It was a young woman, thin and tanned, with odd silvery-brown hair and dark amber eyes. She had several yelloweding bruises on her face. plainly it was her expression that galvanize Hannah. Her amber eyes were colossal and sparkling in what lookedlike recognition, her mouth was open in perplexity and excitement. She was waving her arms.Thats her she yelled at the CIA guy, back breakering to Hannah. Its her Its her. When he stared at her,she hit him in the shoulder. HerThey twain saturnine to stare at Hannah. The CIA guy had an expression now. He looked stunned.Hannah stared bac k at them, bewildered.Then, seeming dazed, the CIA guy very tardilyopened the door. My name is Nilsson, miss, he said. Please come inside.Stupid me, Hannah thought. Almost as an afterthought, she pushed straggling hair off her remaining cheek,away from her birthmark. I should be possessed of told them who I was. But how could I know they would get wind?Nilsson was lecture again as he gently took her bag. Im very sorry, miss-I didnt realize I hope youwont hold this- cipher knew you were coming, the girl broke in with refreshing dullness. And the switch thing is thatThierrys gone off somewhere. I dont think anybody knows where or when hell be back. But meanwhileyoud better stay put. I dont want to think some what hed do to us if we lost you. She smiled atHannah and added, Im Lupe Acevedo.Hannah Snow.I know. The girl winked. We met onward, but I couldnt incisively introduce myself. Dont youremember?Hannah started to shake her head-and then she blinked. Blinked again. That silv ery-brown glossaryingthose amber eyesYeah, Lupe said, looking hugely delighted. That was me. Thats how I got these bruises. The other wolf got it worse, though. I ripped him a new- Would you like something to drunkenness? Nilsson interrupted hastily. Or to eat? wherefore dont you come inand sit down?Hannahs mind was reeling. That girl is a werewolf, she thought. A werewolf. The last cadence I saw her shehad big ears and a bushy tail. Werewolves are real.And this one protected me.She said dizzily, I thank you. I mean, you saved my life, didnt you?Lupe shrugged. kick downstairs of the job. Want a Coke?Hannah blinked, then laughed. Id kill for one.Ill take care of it, Nilsson said. Ill take care of everything. Lupe, why dont you show her on a higher floor?He hurried off and opened a cellular phone. A moment later several other guys togged up like him camerunning. The strange thing was that they were all very young-all in their late teens. Hannah caughtsnatches of frantic-sound ing conversation.Well, try that number-What round leaving a subject with- serve on, Lupe said, interrupting Hannahs eavesdropping. With that same cheerful bluntness sheadded, You look like you could use a bathtub.She led Hannah past a ogre white sculpture toward a wide curving staircase. Hannah glimpsed other styles enterprisingness off the hallway. A aliveness populate that looked as big as a football field, decorated with whitecouches, geometrical piece of furniture, and abstract paintings. A dining style with a mile-long table. An alcove witha grand piano.Hannah felt more like Cinderella than ever. Nobody in Medicine Rock had a grand piano.I didnt know he was so rich. I dont know if I can deal with this.But when she was installed in a carriage of Moorish semblance bathroom, surrounded by jungly thou plantsand exotic tiles and brass globe lights with cut-out star shapes, she decided that she could probablyad reasonable to living this way. If forced.It was heaven just to relax in the Jacuzzi tub, drinking a Coke and respire in the delicious scentof bath salts. And it was even better to sit up in bed afterward, eating digit sandwiches sent up by Chef and grave Lupe how she came to be in Las Vegas.When she was done, Lupe said, Nilsson and everybody are trying to find Thierry. It may take a smallishwhile, though. See, he just halt off for a hardly a(prenominal) proceedings on Saturday, and then he disappeared again.But meanwhile, this house is pretty well protected. And all of us will fight for you-I mean, fight to thedeath, if we squander to. So its safer than most other places.Hannah felt a roiling in her stomach. She didnt understand. Lupe made it sound as if they were in some castle getting ready for a siege. Safe from ?Lupe looked surprised. From her-Maya, she said, as if it should be obvious.Hannah had a sinking feeling. I should have known, she thought. But all she said was, So you think Im motionlessness in danger from her.Lupes eyeb rows shot up. She said mildly, Well, sure. Shes leaving to try to kill you. And shes awfullygood at killing.Especially me, Hannah thought. But she was too tired to be much afraid. Trusting to Lupe and Nilssonand the rest of Thierrys household, she fell at rest(prenominal) that night as soon as her head stirred the pillow.She woke up to see sunshine. It was reflecting off the bedroom walls, which were painted a spongelikely bright gold. Weird but beautiful, Hannah thought, looking dreamfully somewhat at ebony furniture anddecorative tribal masks. Then she remembered where she was and jumped out of bed.She run aground clean clothes-her size-lying on an intricately carved chest. She had just finished pull themon when Lupe knocked on the door.Lupe, have they-Lupe move her silvery-brown head. They havent found him yet.Hannah sighed, then smiled, trying not to look too disappointed.Lupe made a sympathetic face. I know. While you wait, though, you might like to amass some people.S he grinned. Theyre sort of special people, and its a secret that theyre even here. But I talked to themlast night, and they all decided that it would be okay. They all want to meet you.Hannah was curious. Special people? ar they humans or uh ?Lupe grinned even more widely. Theyre two. Thats why theyre special. As she talked, she wasleading Hannah downstairs and through miles of hallway. They did something for me, she said, notsmiling now, but serious. They saved my life and my moms life. See, Im not a purebred werewolf. Mydad was human.Hannah looked at her, startled.Yeah. And thats against the laws of the iniquity World. You cant fall in love with a human, much lessmarry them. The other werewolves came one night and killed my dad. They would have killed my momand me, too, but Thierry got us out of the urban center and hid us. Thats why Id do anything for him. I wouldntbe alive if it wasnt for him and Circle Daybreak.She had paused by the door of a room located toward the back of the house. Now, she opened thedoor, gave Hannah a funny little nod and a wink, and said, You go meet them. I think youll like eachother. Youre their type.Hannah wasnt sure what this meant. She felt shy as she stepped over the threshold and looked nighthe room. It was a den, smaller than the front living room, and more cozy, with furniture in warm ochers and burntsiennas. A breakfast buffet was set out on a long sideboard made of golden pine. It smelled good, butHannah didnt have time to look at it. As soon as she came in the room, every head turned and she founda dozen people perfect(a) at her.Young people. every around her age. Normal-type teenagers, except that a surprising number of themwere extremely good-looking.Behind her, the door closed firmly. Hannah felt more and more as if shed just walked out on demo andforgotten her lines.Then one of the girls sit on an ottoman jumped up and ran to her. Youre Hana, arent you? she saidwarmly. Hannah. Yes.I cant believe Im really see you This is so exciting. Thierrys told us all most you. She put agentle hand on Hannahs arm. Hannah, this is Circle Daybreak. And my name is Thea Harman.She was to the highest degree as tall as Hannah was, and the yellow hair spilling over her shoulders was a few shadesdarker than Hannahs. Her eyes were brownand tardily and somehow wise.Hi, Thea. Somehow Hannah felt rude(a)ly at ease with this girl. Lupe was telling me about CircleDaybreak, but I didnt hardly understand.It started as a sort of witch organization, Thea said. A witch circle. But its not just for witches. Its forhumans and vampires and werewolves and shapeshifters and, well, anybody who wants to help wickednessPeople and humans get along. Come and meet the others and well try to explain.A few minutes later, Hannah was sitting on a couch with a plate of pelt Benedict, being introduced.This is mob and Poppy, Thea said. James is a Redfern on his mothers side-which acquits him adescendant of Mayas. She glanced at James with gentle mischief.I didnt pick my parents. Believe me, I didnt, James said to Hannah. He had light brown hair andthoughtful gray eyes. When he smiled it was hopeless not to smile back.Nobody would have picked your parents, Jamie, Poppy said, elbowing him. She was very small, but there was a kind of impish acquaintance in her face. Her head was a trail of copper curls and her eyes wereas jet-propelled plane as emeralds. Hannah found her elfin dish aerial just a little shivery just a little inhuman.Theyre both vampires, Thea said, answering Hannahs unspoken question.I didnt used to be, Poppy said. James changed me because I was dying.Whats a soulmate for? James said, and Poppy poked him again and then grinned at him. They were manifestly in love.Youre-soulmates? Hannah spoke softly, wistfully.It was Thea who answered. Thats the thing, you see-something is causing nighttime People to find human soulmates. We witches think that its some Power thats waking up again, m aking it happen. Some Powerthats been asleep for a long time- maybe since the time when Thierry was born.Now Hannah understood why Lupe had said she was Circle Daybreaks type of people. She was partof this.But-thats wonderful, she said, talk slowly and trying to gather her thoughts. I mean Shecouldnt exactly explain why it was so wonderful, but she had a find of some immense turning pointbeing reached in the world, of some regular recurrence that was about to end.Thea was smiling at her. I know what you mean. We think so, too. She turned and held out a hand to avery tall boy with a new face, sandy hair, and hazel eyes. And this is my soulmate, Eric. Hes human.Just barely, a boy from the other side of the room said. Eric ignored him and smiled at Hannah.And this is Gillian and David, Thea said, moving around the circle. Gillians a distant cousin of mine, awitch, and Davids human. Soulmates, again.Gillian was tiny, with white-blond hair that fit her head like a silky cap and deep violet eyes. David haddark hair, brown eyes, and a lean tanned face. They both smiled at Hannah.Thea was moving on. And next comes Rashel and Quinn. Rashel is human-she used to be a vampirehunter.I still am. But now I just hunt bad vampires, Rashel said coolly. Hannah had an instinctive feelingof respect for her. She was tall and seemed to have perfect control of her body. Her hair was black andher eyes were a fierce and conspicuous green.And Quinns a vampire, Thea said.Quinn was the boy whod made the barely-human remark. He was very good-looking, with cleanfeatures that were strongly well-defined but roughly delicate. His hair was as black as Rashels, and his eyeswere black, too. He flashed Hannah a smile that, while beautiful, was sparingly unnerving.Quinns the only one here who can compete with you as far as the past goes, Thea added. He wasmade into a vampire back in the sixteen hundreds, by Hunter Redfern.Quinn flashed another smile. Did you have a life in colonial America ? Maybe weve met.Hannah smiled in return, but she was also studying him with interest. He didnt look older than eighteen.Is that why everybody here looks so young? she asked. All the staff, I mean-Nilsson and the otherguys in suits. Are they all vampires?Thea nodded. All made vampires. Lamia, like James, can grow up if they want. But once you make ahuman into a vampire they stop aging-and you cant make somebody over nineteen into a vampire. Theirbodies cant make the change. They just burn out.Hannah felt an odd chill, almost of premonition. But before she could say anything, a new voiceinterrupted. Speaking of the lamia, isnt anybody going to introduce me?Thea turned toward the window. Sorry, Ash-but if youre going to sleep over there, you cant blameus for forgetting you. She looked at Hannah. This is another Redfern, a cousin of Jamess. His name isAsh.Ash was gorgeous, lanky and elegant, with ash-blond hair. But what startled Hannah as he got up andunhurriedly walked to meet her wa s his eyes.They were like Mayas eyes, shifting color from moment to moment. The resemblance was so salientthat it was a moment before Hannah could take his hand.Hes got Mayas genes, Hannah thought. He smiled at her, then sprawled on the loveseat.Were not all of Circle Daybreak, of course, Thea said. In fact, were some of the newest members.And were from all over the country-North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, everywhere. ButThierry called us together specially, to talk about the soulmate principle and the old Powers awakening.That was last week, before he found out about you, copper-haired Poppy said. And before he ranoff. But weve been talking without him, trying to figure out what to do next.Hannah said, Whatever it is, Id like to help you.They all looked pleased. But Thea said, You should think about it first. Were chancy people toknow.Were on everybodys hit list, Rashel, the brunet vampire hunter, said dryly.Weve got the whole night World against us, Ash said, rolli ng his dynamic eyes.Against us. You just said us. James turned on his cousin triumphantly, as if hed just won a point in anargument. You admit youre a part of us.I dont have anyAsh looked at the ceiling, choice.But you do, Hannah, Thea interrupted. She smiled at Hannah, but her soft brown eyes were serious.You dont have to be in any more danger than you are now.I think- Hannah began. But before she could finish, there was an explosion of noise from somewhereoutside.